【知識網絡】
一、重點詞匯與短語
1．effect的用法小結：
（1）常用來表示“結果”的意思。例如：
Effects presuppose causes.
一種結果必然會有其原因。
One of the side effects of this drug is the easiness of habit-forming.
這種藥的副作用之一就是容易上癮。
（2）常用短語：
①in effect：正在實行；實際上
The old system is still in effect. 舊制度仍有效。
He is, in effect, my rival. 實際上他是我的競爭對手。
②take effect：開始；實行；開始生效
The medicine quickly took effect. 藥很快見效了。
The contract has taken effect since October 1. 本合同從十月一日起已經生效。
③to... effect：大意是…。注意：此處的to為介詞，它與effect之間經常有一個表示程度的詞。
例如：
He called me a fool, or words to that effect. 他叫我呆子或諸如此類的話。
④have effect(s) on/upon sb./sth.：對某人某物有影響。
have no/good/bad… effect on/upon sb./sth.：對某人某物沒有/有好的/壞的…影響。
例如：
Alcoholic drink can have a bad effect on your body.
含酒精的飲料會對你身體有很壞的影響。
The medicine had no effect on him. 這種藥對他沒有什么作用。
（3）effect: 作為動詞，它經常用作及物動詞，意思是“實現(xiàn)”。
例如：
The reform was effected. 改革實現(xiàn)了。
The new minister hopes to effect changes in the government's policy.
這位新部長希望改變政府的政策。
The new manager effected several changes in the company.
新來的經理在公司里促成了好幾次改革。
2． certain的用法小結：
（1）certain常用作形容詞，意思是：“確實的；無疑的；可靠的，一定會的。”
例如：
The evidence is certain and the facts are clear. 證據確鑿,事實清楚。
I am certain he told me to come at two o'clock. 我肯定他告訴我兩點來。
There's no certain cure for this illness at present. 現(xiàn)在這種病尚無確實可靠的療法。
I'm certain she saw me. 我確信她看到我了。
We are certain of victory. 我們一定會獲得勝利。
Are you certain that you'll get there in time? 你有把握及時趕到那里嗎?
（2）certain：指“某個人/物”。
例如：
a lady of a certain age：某個年齡的女士
He was looking for a certain book. 他在找某本書。
（3）指“有些；一些”。
例如：
Certain plants will not grow in this country. 有些植物在這個國家不能生長。
People who smoke cannot travel in certain parts of the train.
吸煙的人不能在火車的某些地方走動。
二、詞義辨析
1．effect, consequence, result的區(qū)別：
（1）這三個詞作為名詞在一起比較的一般含義是由某種原因所產生的結果。
effect 和原因的關系是立刻性的，即馬上可以看到的
Jasper has put up “No Parking” signs outside his gate, but these have not had any effect.
賈斯珀“把禁止停車”的牌子掛在大門外，但這沒產生什么效果。
The idea to have the capital moved so far inland will have a great effect on the future of Brazil.
把首都遠遷內地的這一主張對巴西的未來將產生巨大的影響。
The drug has had an immediate effect on the patient.
此藥對病人立刻產生了效果。
（2）consequence 和原因的關系沒有那么緊密，并非馬上可以可見。
You should be responsible for all the consequences.
你應當為這一切后果承擔責任。
Do you know what the consequences of your action will be?
你知道你的行為將會產生什么后果嗎？
The consequence was that he caught a bad cold.
結果是他得了重感冒。
（3）result 雖然和原因關系密切，卻不是立即可見，而是最后才能顯示出的。比方某人頭部受到沉重的一擊，馬上產生的腦震蕩(此為effect)。腦震蕩后他的身體漸漸垮了(即consequence)，最后不能從事正常工作了(即result)
When the first radio messages have been received, the results of the trip will be announced immediately.
當收到第一批無線電信息時，這次太空之行的結果將立即公布出去。
His limp is the result of a car accident last year.
他的跛足是去年一次車禍所致的結果。
注：consequence 和result 都可以用復數形式，而effect 一般常用單數，有時也用復數形式表示“結果”。
2．Produce, product 與production的區(qū)別：
（1）produce: 主要作為動詞使用，意思是“出產；生產；提出；拿出”等。有時也可以作名詞使用，意思是“產物，產品”，多指農產品，為不可數名詞。
to produce wheat：出產小麥
That factory produces cars. 那家工廠生產小汽車。
to produce one's ticket：出示票
Can you produce any proof of your nationality? 你能出示有關你國藉的任何證件嗎?
The whisky bottle was marked 'Produce of Scotland'. 這瓶威士忌酒上標有'蘇格蘭出品'的字樣。
（2）product意義較為廣泛，也是最普通的表示“產品，產物”的詞，它可以用來指天然的、人造的產品，也可以用來指農產品，還可以指腦力勞動的結果等。
例如：
Petrol is the most important product of many Middle-East countries.
石油是許多中東國家最重要的產品。
The company sells plastic products. 這家公司出售塑料制品。
Criminals are sometimes the product of less education. 犯罪有時是缺乏教育的結果。
（3）production：意思是“生產，產量”。指“生產”時側重其行為，而指“產品”時，側重“產量”，也可以指文學作品。
例如：
the production of wheat：小麥生產
The production of corn has increased. 玉米的產量已增加。
Production of computers has increased double in the last few weeks.
近幾周來電腦的產量增加了一倍。
This new theatre is becoming known for its good productions.
這家新劇院因上演節(jié)目的質量好而漸漸出名。
This book on education is his latest production.
這本論述教育的書是他的最新作品。
三、重點句型:
1．What affects do you think the changes in eating habits will have on agricultural or nature?
此句中的do you think為插入語，句子的疑問語序由do you think來體現(xiàn)，所以其它成分就用陳述語序。
2．It is on this arable land that farmers produce food for the whole population of China.
此句為強調句型。句中的on this arable land為狀語，是被強調的成分，值得注意的是其后的連接詞只能用that，而不能用where；同樣表示時間的狀語被強調時，也只能用that， 不用when。
例如：
It was on the morning of last Monday that I met Dr Johnson on the bus. 我是在上個星期一的早上在公共汽車上遇到的約翰遜博士。
3．Not only is food production important but also taking care of the environment.
Not only…but also…連接的句子中，當not only置于句首時，其后的句子用倒裝語序。此句中，but also后的句子為省略句。
再如：
Not only will we have classes in the hall, but also the students of Class 19.
不僅我們要在大廳里上課，19班的學生也會（在大廳里上課）。
4．The temperature is controlled with computers, no matter how the weather is outside.
注意此句中的no matter how引導的是讓步狀語從句。be controlled with中“with”為介詞意思是“用”。
再如：
No matter what I said, they wouldn’t let me in. 無論我說什么，他們也不讓我進去。
The movement of the ball is controlled with a stick. 那個球的動作是用一根操作棒進行的。
四、語法復習
-ing形式作定語和賓語補足語：
1．-ing形式作定語：
（1）表示被修飾的名詞是分詞的動作的發(fā)出者。可以放在被修飾的詞前，叫做前置定語；也可以放在其后面，叫做后置定語。單個的或者僅僅帶有一個副詞的分詞常作前置定語；而分詞短語通常作后置定語。前置定語通常表示一種相對的持久性、一種特征，更象一個形容詞；后置定語比較突出分詞的動作。
例如：
the weeping girl （哭泣的女孩）
a boring speaker （令人厭倦的演講者）
freely falling body (自由落體)
the boys playing in the garden（在花園里玩耍的男孩子們）
the man standing behind her（站在她身后的男子）
（2）-ing形式短語作定語時，常常表示一個與謂語動詞的動作同時發(fā)生的動作。
例如：
Do you know the man speaking to my sister?
你認識和我姐姐說話的那個人嗎？
The young man sitting in the third row is a famous doctor.
坐在第三排的那個年輕人是個著名的醫(yī)生。
（3）-ing形式短語在特指的名詞之后作定語時，通常只含有“正在進行”的意思。但當用在一個泛指的名詞之后作定語時，可以表示“進行”的意思，也可以表示一般的情況。
例如：
The students working in the factory will go back to school next week. （特指，表示正在進行。）
正在工廠工作的那些學生下周將回學校。
Matter is anything having weight and occupying space. （泛指，表示一般情況。）
凡是物質，都具有重量，并占有空間。
（4）being所引導的-ing短語不能作定語，但是其被動語態(tài)“being + v-ed”可以。
例如：
The car being repaired there is our headmaster’s.
那輛正在修理的車是我們校長的。
In Europe there are very few wooden houses being built today.
在歐洲，目前很少有人在建木頭房子了。
2．-ing形式作賓語補足語：強調動作的進行。只有幾類動詞可以用-ing形式作賓語補足語：
表示知覺的：see, watch, notice, observe, find, think, feel, hear, smell, listen to, look at
表示“使役”的：have, make, get等。
表示“愿望”的：want, wish, expect, like等。
表示“致使”的：set, keep, catch, leave等。
表示“認為”的：regard, accept, think等。
His remark left me wondering. 他的話讓我驚訝。
I hope I haven’t kept you waiting too long. 我希望我沒有讓你久等。
I saw her walking alone. 我看到她獨自走著。
【考點透視 考例精析】
[考點] 強調句與定語從句。
[考例1] --Is it that Tom often plays computer games ________ makes his parents worry about him?
--Yes, I think so.
A．what B．that C．when D．which
[解析] Ｂ 考查強調句型以及定語從句的混合結構。被強調的部分是that引導的定語從句。而要選的that是強調句中的連接詞。
[考點] 可數名詞與不可數名詞。
[考例2] He is a man with ________ of staying in France for 20 years.
A．experience B．experiences C．an experience D．a experience
[解析] Ｃ experience表示“經驗”時，為不可數名詞；表示“經歷”時為可數名詞。本句中，“他是一個有…經歷的人”，所以應為可數名詞，前面加an。
[拓展] experience表示“經驗”為不可數名詞。例如：
Does he have much experience in teaching?
他教學經驗豐富嗎？
[考點] 疑問的強調句結構。
[考例3] Why! I have nothing to confess. __________ you want me to say?
A．What is it that B．What it is that
C．How is it that D．How it is that
[解析] Ａ 注意的是：有時被強調的部分是疑問詞，這時，除了注意分析疑問詞的作用外，還要注意其它成分的語序。
【基礎演練】
一、根據所給首字母或括號中的漢語意思填寫句子空格中所缺的單詞。
1．Her coat gave her p_________ from the rain.
2．The d__________ of oil on their land made the people rapidly rich.
3．Our teacher is showing us a new m__________ of writing.
4．This kind of medicine tastes b________ at first, but then it turns a little sweet.
5．It will not prove difficult to o___________ a machine like a small radio.
6． ___________(進口) of cars rose last month.
7．The playground of our school is in very good ___________(狀況) now.
8．It is a __________(傳統(tǒng)) that the young look after the old in their family.
9．___________(幸運), the planes appear to be quite safe.
10．In order to improve the ___________(產量) of grain, they have worked in the fields for 10 years.
二、單項填空：
1．“We can’t go out in this weather,” said Bob _________ out of the window.
A．looking B．to look C．looked D．having looked
2．In some parts of London, missing a bus means ____________ for another hour.
A． waiting B．to wait C．wait D．to be waiting
3．_______of the land in that district ________ covered with trees and grass.
A．Two fifth, is B．Two fifth, are C．Two fifths, is D．Two fifths, are
4．–It’s a good idea. But who is going to _________ the plan?
--I think George and Jack will.
A．set aside B．carry out C．take in D．get through
5．It’s not _______ so easy as you think.
A．nearly B．almost C．most D．very
6．He was born and ________ in the countryside, so he has got into the habit of _______ early.
A．risen, getting B．raised, rising
C．grown up, getting up D．brought up, rising up
7．In early _______ farmers in China moved around and ________ more sheep and cattle.
A． times, fed B．days, feed C．time, feeding D．age, raising
8．--Did you remember to give Mary the money you owned her?
--Yes. I gave it to her _________ I saw her.
A．while B．the moment C．suddenly D．once
9．Living abroad alone is hard for me. There is not enough money ______ me ________ pretty clothes, and I must save each coin to _________ my expensive cost of school.
A．allow, buying, spend on B．allowing, to buy, pay for
C． to allow, buy, cost D．allow, to buy, take
10． Our boss said that he had debts __________$20,000 at the moment.
A．in amount B．the full amount
C．o the amount of D．a large amount of
【能力拓展】
完形填空
I told her everything that had happened to me in Dr Webber's secret brain-research Lab, out on the other side of Crystal Town. I showed her the photos I had 1 taken with a hidden micro-camera. I told her about my best friend--Plummet, who had 2 with me. I told her how he was afraid to come to the police, She 3 again.
"Don't you worry, Mr Serge. You've got nothing to 4 from us. If you can take us to this Research Lab, we will come with you 5 and close the place down. This Dr Webber sounds very 6 . " Her words were like music to my ears. I 7 with relief. Twenty minutes later, we were on a 8 boat, racing back across Piccadilly Lake, on our way back to the Research Lab, with six officers, all 9 with nerve guns.
The 10 of Dr Webber being shot with a nerve gun and arrested made me very 11 -but I was also frightened. 12 back to that place was the last thing I wanted to do. I suddenly felt very 13 . I lay down in the back of the boat and watched the paragliders(滑翔機) and balloons 14 by overhead. They must have banned (禁止) motor vehicles from the London sky 15 I was away. It was much more 16 up there. Better than the noisy jet-cars and helicopters that used to block out the 17 . My eyes closed and I fell asleep. I slept until I heard a voice 18 in my ear.
“Serge. Wake up !”
It was Plummet, talking into my tiny micro-radio. He had been 19 me from the roof of a nearby tower-block.
“ 20 ! You're in trouble!”
1． A．quickly B．secretly C．excitedly D．frequently
2． A．escaped B．stayed C．suffered D．struggled
3． A．stopped B．cried C．rested D．smiled
4． A．fear B．ask C．keep D．steal
5． A．after all B．on time C．at last D．right now
6． A．interesting B．powerful C．dangerous D．strange
7． A．chatted B．sighed C．laughed D．said
8． A．research B．fishing C．travel D．police
9． A．covered B．armed C．carried D．brought
10．A．thought B．idea C．sight D．dream
11．A．sleepy B．surprised C．happy D．nervous
12．A．Walking B．Sailing C．Going D．Running
13．A．hopeless B．tired C．excited D．sick
14．A．flying B．passing C．moving D．floating
15．A．while B．because C．where D．since
16．A．peaceful B．beautiful C．gentle D．natural
17．A．Lab B．boat C．sky D．place
18．A．shouting B．whispering C．speaking D．sounding
19．A．calling B．watching C．following D．expecting
20．A．Hurry up B．Get up C．Wake up D．Look up
參考答案
高一部分
Units 19-20 (B1)
基礎演練
一、1. protection 2. discovery 3. method 4. bitter 5. operate 6. Imports 7. condition 8. tradition 9. Fortunately 10. production
二、1-5 AACBA 6-10 BABBC
能力拓展
1-5 BADAD 6-10 CBDBA 11-15 CCBDA 16-20 ACBBA
1．B 既然是hidden微型攝像機，那當然是偷偷地拍攝的。
2．A 從下文的內容可知我們是逃跑出來的。
3．D 從下文的“她的聲音像音樂”可知這里不可選其他項。
4．A 不要害怕。
5．D 我們現(xiàn)在就和你一起去那個地方。
6．C 下文說他們帶著槍，可見他們覺得這個人是危險分子。
7．B 我如釋重負地長嘆一口氣。
8．D 下面提到警官和槍，因此本題選D。
9．B 這里用be armed with表示“用……武裝”。
10．A 我們還在路上，當我想像這幕情景的時候。
11．C 這種想像的內容當然讓我覺得很高興。
12．C 我最不愿意回到那個鬼地方。
13．B 下文說我躺在船上看天空，后來睡著了，此舉與B有關。
14．D 從頭頂飄忽著過去。
15．A 當我不在的時候。
16．A 從下文說的內容可知選A，那里的天空很安靜，比飛機的聲音好些。
17．C 既然是直升飛機，當然是在天空。
18．B 從下文可知這里是冤家我們要找的人從附近高塔上對著我的小傳聲收音機說話’
19．B 他在塔頂看著我。
20．A 本題選A，“動作快點”。此時我已經醒了。